When two water molecules touch each other, they form hydrogen bonds. Figure 1 shows that each water molecule has one end that is partially positively charged and one end that is partially negatively charged. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds that form between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom in one covalently bonded molecule and a partially negatively charged area in another covalently bonded molecule.In this case, a polar covalent bond is made because the uneven distribution of the electrons makes parts of the molecule have either a negative or a positive charge When the atoms are different, like in a molecule of water (H 2 O), the larger nucleus of the oxygen atom pulls on the shared electrons more strongly than the single proton in each hydrogen atom. When the two atoms sharing electrons are the same, like in a molecule of oxygen gas (two oxygen atoms to make O 2 ), the electrons are shared equally, and the bond is called a nonpolar covalent bond. When four or six electrons are shared, either a double or a triple covalent bond is made. When two electrons share the same space, they form a single covalent bond (one from each atom). That is, neither atom has full control over the electrons (as happens with atoms that form ionic bonds). ![]() When electrons are shared between atoms, covalent bonds are made.If a number comes before the charge, it means that the charge is more than one (Ca 2+, PO 4 3–) When a chemical symbol is followed by a plus or minus sign, it means that the ion has a positive or negative charge, which is caused by the loss or gain of one or more electrons. ![]() In a sodium chloride (NaCl) molecule, the ions of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) (Na+ and Cl-) attract each other to form an ionic bond. The ionic bond is made up of two ions that are attracted to each other. These atoms are ions because they have a positive or negative charge. The atom that gets more electrons has a negative charge, while the atom that gives up electrons has a positive charge.
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